Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2017 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 7 Articles
Background: Device-associated nosocomial infections (DA-NIs), due to MDR Enterobacteriaceae, are a major threat\nto patient safety in ICUs. We investigated on Extended-spectrum Ã?²-lactamases (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae\nand incidence of integrons in these bacteria isolated from ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and catheter-associated\nurinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in 18 governmental hospitals in the north of Iran.\nMethods: In this cross-section study, the antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the MIC method; also,\nphenotypically detection of ESBL-producing bacteria was carried out by the double-disk synergy (DDS) test. Presence\nof ESBL-related genes and integron Classes 1 and 2 was evaluated by the PCR method.\nResults: Out of a total of 205 patients with DA-NIs, Enterobacteriaceae were responsible for (72.68%) of infections.\nThe most common DA-NIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae were VAP (77.18%), CAUTI (19.46%), and sepsis due to\nVAP (3.35%). The most frequently Enterobacteriaceae were; Klebsiella pneumoniae 75 (24; 32% ESBL positive), E. coli\n69 (6; 8.69% ESBL positive) and Enterobacter spp. 5 (5; 100% ESBL positive). Distribution of ESBL-related genes was as\nfollows: bla-SHV (94.3%), bla-CTX (48.6%), bla-VEB (22.9%) and bla-GES (17.14%). The incidence rate of integron class 1\nand class 2 was (82.92%) and (2.9%) respectively. Eight types of ESBL-producing bacteria were observed.\nConclusions: Due to the fact that the emergence rate of ESBL Enterobacteriaceae is increasing in DA-NIs, co-incidence\nof different types of ESBL genes with integrons in 75ââ?¬â??100% of strains in our study is alarming for clinicians and\nhealthcare safety managers. Therefore, regional and local molecular level estimations of ESBLs that are agents of\nDA-NIs are critical for better management of empiric therapy, especially for patients in ICUs....
A surveillance study was undertaken to identify prominent �²-lactamase encoding\ngenes in 131 carbapenem non-susceptible gram-negative clinical isolates at a New\nYork City community hospital. KPC carbapenemases were detected in 89% of Enterobacteriaceae\nas well as additional TEM, SHV, and CTX-M class A enzymes. OXA-\n23 and OXA-24 were the prevalent class D carbapenemases identified in Acinetobacter\nspecies. One OXA-23 in M. morganii and one OXA-48 in K. pneumoniae were\nalso identified. Among class C �²-lactamases CMY, ACT/MIR, DHA, and FOX were\ndetected. The in vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam by E-test methodology was\ntested with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of â�¤3 �¼g/ml for 97.8% of all\nEnterobacteriaceae, MIC50/90 of 16/>256 �¼g/ml for carbapenem non-susceptible Acinetobacter\n, and 3/6 �¼g/ml for carbapenem non-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa .\nPeriodic surveillance of isolates to characterize current and emerging �²-lactamase\ngenotypes present in local isolates may help identify outbreak situations, provide assistance\nto infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs, and potentially\nimprove patient outcomes....
Background: Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) causes a range of mild to severe infections in\nhumans. It can also colonize healthy persons asymptomatically. Therefore, it is important to study GAS carriage in\nhealthy populations, as carriage of it might lead to subsequent disease manifestation, clonal spread in the\ncommunity, and/or diversification of the organism. Throat swab culture is the gold standard method for GAS\ndetection. Advanced culture-independent methods provide rapid and efficient detection of microorganisms directly\nfrom clinical samples. We investigated the presence of GAS in throat swab samples from healthy adults in Japan\nusing culture-dependent and culture-independent methods.\nResults: Two throat swab samples were collected from 148 healthy volunteers. One was cultured on selective\nmedium, while total DNA extracted from the other was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified with two\nGAS-specific primer pairs: one was a newly designed 16S rRNA-specific primer pair, the other a previously described\nV-Na+-ATPase primer pair. Although only 5 (3.4 %) of the 148 samples were GAS-positive by the culture-dependent\nmethod, 146 (98.6 %) were positive for the presence of GAS DNA by the culture-independent method. To obtain\nserotype information by emm typing, we performed nested PCR using newly designed emm primers. We detected\nthe four different emm types in 25 (16.9 %) samples, and these differed from the common emm types associated\nwith GAS associated diseases in Japan. The different emm types detected in the healthy volunteers indicate that the\npresence of unique emm types might be associated with GAS carriage.\nConclusions: Our results suggest that culture-independent methods should be considered for profiling GAS in the\nhealthy hosts, with a view to obtaining better understanding of these organisms. The GAS-specific primers\n(16S rRNA and V-Na+-ATPase) used in this study can be used to estimate the maximum potential GAS carriage in people....
Background: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic susceptibility in the Nepalese strains is untracked.\nWe determined the antibiotic susceptibility for H. pylori and analyzed the presence of genetic mutations associated\nwith antibiotic resistance in Nepalese strains.\nResults: This study included 146 consecutive patients who underwent gastroduodenal endoscopy in Kathmandu,\nNepal. Among 42 isolated H. pylori, there was no resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline. In contrast, similar with\ntypical South Asian patterns; metronidazole resistance rate in Nepalese strains were extremely high (88.1 %, 37/42).\nClarithromycin resistance rate in Nepalese strains were modestly high (21.4 %, 9/42). Most of metronidazole\nresistant strains had highly distributed rdxA and frxA mutations, but were relative coincidence without a synergistic\neffect to increase the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Among strains with the high MIC, 63.6 % (7/11) were\nassociated with frameshift mutation at position 18 of frxA with or without rdxA involvement. However, based on next\ngeneration sequencing data we found that one strain with the highest MIC value had a novel mutation in the form of\namino acid substituted at Ala-212, Gln-382, Ile-485 of dppA and Leu-145, Thr-168, Glu-117, Val-121, Arg-221 in dapF\naside from missense mutations in full-length rdxA. Mutations at Asn-87 and/or Asp-91 of the gyrA were predominantly\nin levofloxacin-resistant strains. The gyrB mutation had steady relationship with the gyrA 87ââ?¬â??91 mutations. Although\nthree (44.4 %) and two (22.2 %) of clarithromycin resistant strains had point mutation on A2143G and A2146G, we\nconfirmed the involvement of rpl22 and infB in high MIC strains without an 23SrRNA mutation.\nConclusions: The rates of resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin were high in Nepalese strains,\nindicating that these antibiotics-based triple therapies are not useful as first-line treatment in Nepal. Bismuth or\nnon-bismuth-based quadruple regimens, furazolidone-based triple therapy or rifabutin-based triple therapy may\nbecome alternative strategy in Nepal....
Background: Avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are pathogenic strains of E. coli that are responsible for one of\nthe most predominant bacterial disease affecting poultry worldwide called avian colibacillosis. This study describes\nthe genetic determinants implicated in antimicrobial resistance among APEC isolated from different broiler farms in\nEgypt.\nMethods: A total of 116 APEC were investigated by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance patterns to 10 antimicrobials,\nand the genetic mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes.\nResults: Antibiogram results showed that the highest resistance was observed for ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic\nacid, and chloramphenicol. The detected carriage rate of integron was 29.3% (34/116). Further characterization of\ngene cassettes revealed the presence gene cassettes encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12),\nstreptomycin/spectinomycin (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadA23), and streptothricin (sat2). To our knowledge, this the first\ndescription of the presence of aadA23 in APEC isolates. Analysis of other antimicrobial resistance types not associated\nwith integrons revealed the predominance of resistance genes encoding resistance to tetracycline (tetA and tetB),\nampicillin (blaTEM), chloramphenicol (cat1), kanamycin (aphA1), and sulphonamide (sul1 and sul2). Among ciprofloxacin-\nresistant isolates, the S83L mutation was the most frequently substitution observed in the quinolone resistancedetermining\nregion of gyrA (56.3%). The blaTEM and blaCTXâË?â??MâË?â??1 genes were the most prevalent among APEC isolates\nproducing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESÃ?²L).\nConclusions: These findings provided important clues about the role of integron-mediated resistance genes\ntogether with other independent resistance genes and chromosomal mutations in shaping the epidemiology of\nantimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry farms in Egypt....
BCG-T is a new trend for immunotherapy of bladder cancer as an alternative to chemotherapy. The available product is liquid form of a limited stability profile. The present study aims to prepare a lyophilized form of BCG-T using different stabilizer namely Na glutamate and lactose. Stability of pharmaceutical lyophilized injection dosage form compared with the liquid form was assessed revealing that the Na glutamate and lactose stabilized BCG-T was significantly more stable than BCG-T in the liquid formula. Also, the dry weight and relatives humidity and safety of both Na glutamate and lactose stabilized BCG-T were insignificantly different from the liquid form (P >0.05)....
Celiac disease is known as gluten enteropathy, caused by damaging of small intestinal\nepithelium cells following gluten consumption. Gluten is classified in two families of\nglutenin and gliadin. Gliadin is divided into Ã?±, Ã?³ and Ãâ?° groups. One of the most effective\nmethods to rectify or minimize gene expression is RNAi technology. The present\nstudy has been conducted to the structure of Ã?±-gliadin gene to produce proprietary\nRNAi cassette for silencing wheat Ã?± -gliadin gene. So nucleotide sequence of\nÃ?±-gliadin gene involved in design for PCR amplification by online primer-blast software.\nThe amplification was extracted from agarose gel and ligated to pTG19 cloning\nvector. After cloning of the recombinant plasmid in E. coli , they were sequenced.\nThen they were used for construction of specific and efficient RNAi cassette. The\nproduced vector by this strategy is considered as an effective step in developing genetically\nengineered gluten-less or low content gluten wheat....
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